More Than One Child In One Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

More Than One Child In One Family - Essay Example In order to implement the policy, government ensured that families especially in urban areas do not have more than one child. Further, a fee was applied to the families who have more than one child in order to penalize the families for having more than one kid in the family. The intended aims of this policy were to improve the healthcare services for the society so that better care and services could be provided. Further, in order to enforce the improvements in the saving rates, government considered the reduction of the size of the family. In actuality, Chinese economy as a whole has been able to register higher saving rates since the policy was implemented in 1978. (Naughton, 2007)Probably the most important policy reason behind the implementation of this policy was to achieve the economic growth and relieve pressure on the resources of the country. By reducing the size of the population, the overall wealth distribution could have been better allocated in order to achieve better ec onomic progress. (Feng Wang, 2010)China during recent times has made enormous economic progress with significant average economic growth. China has achieved the same in its manufacturing sector by providing cheap manufacturing facilities to the customers around the world. Further, China is the leading exporter also thus relying mostly on its labor force as vital for the economic progress. However, the overall process of manufacturing requires young and skilled labor force which can endure the physical strain spent in the manufacturing process. What is critical however is the fact that China’s population is ageing fast and due to the one child policy, it is fast approaching a position where it may not have adequate young population to support its economic progress through manufacturing activities?

Google in China Case Study Essay Example for Free

Google in China Case Study Essay In the case study presentation regarding the Google Company there have been many challenges that have arisen during the growth of the global leader. One of those challenges is in regards to the penetration of the largely available market in China. Google has a mission â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.† (Closing Case: Google in China) Google has constructed a largely profitable advertising business that piggy backs its search engine; which by far is the largest in the world. Using a business model called pay-per-click; advertisers pay Google each time a user of the search engine clicks on one of the paid links that are usually listed on the right hand side of engines results page. These are the paid links and are not included in the main search results generated by Google. The Move In order to penetrate a larger market and further increase popularity Google began running a Chinese language service in 2000 for the largest country on the planet; even though the service was operated from the United States. In 2002, Chinese authorities blocked the site. The people that would have been using Google’s search engine were directed to a Chinese rival search engine company. This came as a huge surprise to Google’s managers. When this occurred the co-founder of Google quickly ordered several books on China and began studying in order to understand its vast country and its culture. In just two weeks’ time the services were restored in China. It appeared that this had just come out of nowhere. It was reported by Chinese users that politically sensitive material sites were no longer accessible. This gave way to the suggestion that the Chinese government had begun monitoring search activities more aggressively. This also generated the suggestion that the Chinese government had constructed a giant firewall between Chinese internet and the internet in the rest of the world allowing the Chinese government to block any sites that were deemed insurrectionary. Due to the fact that serving the Chinese from the United States was incredibly slow and the new censorship imposition was ruing search results Google decided it was time for some change. In a new mindset of operations Google decided to open up a site in China using Chinese management and employees and even a Chinese home page. The Culture and Conclusion It appeared that the cultural divide between Google and China caused some misunderstandings to take place; this in-turn caused some serious offenses to be made. Chinese government did what it felt needed to be done in order to keep the divide between government and citizenship as strong as it has always been. Realizing that it had crossed the line, the search giant Google decided to move its Chinese operations overseas. Google was faced with two choices, they could give up China or and lose over 100 million users, a number that rapidly increases every year, or operate out of China and respect the culture. Now that Google is up and operating in China, even though they have to provide a slightly more less lucrative service, they have provided a small notation for every site that has been blocked once the search results show up; a service no other provider gives. References Closing Case: Google in China; by International Business. Competing in the Global Marketplace, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Ethics in International Business: by Charles W. L. Hill copyright  © 2009 McGraw-Hill, a business unit of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx

The Philosophy Of Friendship Philosophy Essay

The Philosophy Of Friendship Philosophy Essay and its meaning through the eyes of Aristotle. Walking into this class back in the start of September I thought about the concept of love very narrow-mindedly and often reserved my interpretation to a singular entity defined simply as one person strongly caring for another. Never in my right mind did I believe one emotion could be separated into several forms. While it was obvious to me that the admiration I had for my favorite jeans was not quite the same as in how I care about my Mother, it was not until I took my first Philosophy class did I begin to expand my perspective of love and the types of love existent in human nature. While the majority of people seem to think of love in the popularized all-for-nothing, go to the end of world and back sense, what strikes me as more intriguing is the idea of friendship. From this course I have learned that friendship, which stems from the word philia meaning love in Greek is the highest kind of love/relationship. It is a way of loving that can be sought for with many, but sometimes found to be lasting in only a select few. To me, the way to understanding love starts with friendship and not with romance. Although both are closely linked, romance is flexible and arbitrary while friendships are deeply rooted and fixed in nature. Companionship through friends is essential to loving and loving and can create and strengthen our ethnics and morals. To understand love, more specifically friendship it is important to know that we as human are social beings. We enclose ourselves with many different people, and those especially close to our hearts and minds are called our friends. It is in our nature to be social, for we learn about ourselves and evolve through our relations with others. Because of this, we [as humans] are constantly trying to broaden the boundary of our circle of friends. Aristotle understood the importance of friendship and wrote highly of this type of relationship. A modernized view of friendship can be defined as, one joined to another in intimacy and mutual benevolence independently of sexual or family love (Merriam-Webster). Aristotles view on friendship is much more enlightened and expansive than this; however, his assertions are certainly not perfect. In this essay I will outline Aristotles stance about friendship, show both the pros and cons of his arguments and share my personal beliefs on the subject. Friendship for Aristotle (and Greeks in general) is much broader than the dictionary definition. Aristotle regards both less-intimate bonds as well as deeper, loving connections as ways of practicing friendship. Relationships between couples, parents and their children, neighbors, business partners, teammates, teacher and student, etc. would all be seen as friendships in Aristotles eyes. However, he does make it a point to distinguish between different types of friendship and loves role within these relations. Friendships for Aristotle can be divided into three main categories: Friendships of utility. These friendships are based on people who are useful to each other. This is the sole reason behind them being friends. A good example of a friendship of utility might be the relationship between a salesman and a customer. The store clerk needs the buyer because (s)he has to make a living and the buyer needs the clerk because he needs a particular item. Both have something the other wants. Such friendships are only temporary and do not last very long as once the customer is no longer useful to the salesman, or visa versa, the connection is severed and the friendship ceases to exist. Friendships of utility are common among older people, for in old age people pursue the functional rather than the enjoyable. Friendships of pleasure. These types of relationships are based on the amount of pleasure the people get from being in the relationship itself. People who go out together, or enjoy the same activities might be in this type of relationship. They are friends for their own sake, because the friendship brings them pleasure and enjoyment, not for their friends sake. Friendships of pleasure are common among young people. Young people quickly start and end friendships because what pleasures and satisfies them undergoes constant change. Friendships of virtue. Unlike friendships of utility and pleasure which can include a circle of friends, friendships of virtue are strictly one-on-one relationships. They are monogamous in nature and such a friendship can only occur between two people of the same (or closely similar) values and ideals, and both persons have to be virtuous. According to Aristotle, one can only become virtuous through wisdom and age. Therefore friendships of virtue are rarely found among young people. It is a relationship of mutual respect and love. The persons in this type of relationship are not in it because they gain something from the relationship, they are not friends because they find each other useful or bring each other pleasure, but because they see virtues in each other that they see in themselves. Such love has roots in altruism and agape love and rest on the idea of wanting the best for someone else for their friends sake. It is not surprising that such relationships are uncommon according to the philosopher. Aristotle says that a friend of virtue is another oneself in a sense, describing them as soulmates. A friend of virtue is a key part to self-sufficiency. Virtuous friends spend time with each other and make the same choices as each other. One persons happiness influences anothers happiness and visa versa. The friend, in the Aristotelian scheme, becomes an extension of the individual. In a sociological perspective, the other friend becomes the social relative mirror (Marxist term) in which you define yourself meaning, you only know yourself in relation to your external, transfigured Other. It can be argued that Aristotle is wrong when he distinguishes between friendships of utility or pleasure and friendships of virtue. Are we, as human beings, capable of doing a completely unselfish act? Can we truthfully say that we are friends with someone not for our own sake but for the sake of the friends? It may be a harsh reality to some, but I personally disagree with Aristotle on this. Take the example of gift giving Does someone give a friend a gift because they know he/she will like it, or to make a good impression on the person, or for the idea that you only give a gift to get something greater in return? There can be any number of reasons why someone would give a gift, but in my opinion the most feasible reasons would be ones where the gift-giver expects to get some form of repayment, even if it is as simple as being liked or appreciated. Altruism is rare to find in modern-day Western culture, and no act is completely selfless. Another example could be helping an elder woman across the road. Would you help her because she needs help or because you would feel a great deal of self-satisfaction by helping her? In my opinion, even if only a small part of the reason why you would help her relates back to self-satisfaction, it would mean that you are not helping her without receiving some form of incentive. We are inherently selfish beings. There is always a degree o f self-interest. Therefore Aristotles definition of friendship of virtue is wrong, in my opinion, or at least too exclusive. One of the books studied in this course, The Meanings of Love by Robert Wagoner identified six types of defined loves present in Western culture. The author illustrates his claims by defining and presenting definitions of six expressions of love. His fourth idea of love moral love is based on the inner principles of moral uprightness, stability, faithfulness and integrity. The characteristics of respect and rationality determine the credibility of a moral love relationship. Moral love in my opinion was one of the most intriguing loves I have learned about because it deals with love not in the highly romanticized sense, but targets the basic foundations of human nature and our social interactions. Using Wagoners definition of Moral love, I related his ideals to principle and came to conceptualize friendship in a much more broadened sense. Wagoner reference to Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopher who stated that the legitimacy behind moral love is found in our rational nature which influences our experiences. Kant says that our ability to apply rational principles is what makes moral experience possible (70). In order to form a moral love we must live consistently by two principles of rational nature. First, the same respect and regard we hold to ourselves must be given to all equally. And secondly, our actions must not be self-regarding but instead our relations should be based on the idea that they can be universalized. If carried out correctly, it is the gratification of mutual rationality and strong sense of moral obligation to each other that unite people to love. Moral love is highly rational and is subject to scrutiny reason in order to achieve integrity. In a moral loving relationship, the lover is not so much committed to the beloved as he/she is committed to the relationship itself, because it de fines the individual. The notion of sexuality in moral love threatens its very nature. Kant states, To truly love others is to care for them as whole persons, that is, as rational and moral sovereigns and not merely as sexual creatures (80). Friendship could evolve into a greater love, which could result in a union such as marriage which holds importance in moral love; for any sexual relation outside of this strictly shows utilitarianism. It is the difference between the good and the right, and in this case of moral love, sexual relations only seek to use the other as a thing which is immoral in nature. Moral love can be best defined as a labor of love where an individual is consistently trying to change themselves into universal beings rooted in moral uprightness. Such a relationship could be described as Aristotles friendship of virtue. However, the counter-argument can also be made. Kant differs with Aristotles definition of friendship. Kant believed that an act could only have moral value if and only if you were not the primary beneficiary of the act. According to Kant with Aristotles theory of friendship it seems the friendship can not be a moral goal. A friendship is morally neutral. He goes on to assert that it does not say, or show anything about your moral character. Of course Aristotle would disagree; he would say having a friend of virtue is a goal that every moral person should strive for. Kant believes that people dont seek friendship for friendships sake but to satisfy needs (friendship of utility). Kant sees true friendship as two people taking care of the others needs. If I take care of my friends needs he/she will take care of my needs. Friendship was based on reciprocity. Kant believes that a truly virtuous man is friends with everyone and should not limit himself to a select few friends, as this would be being exclusive. He should love everyone equally. However, friendships by definition are exclusive, and as a result one is forced to play favoritism. According to Kant friendships are the have of people of lesser virtues blocking out the world. Aristotle would disagree; he would say friendships are the way into the world. Kant has a somewhat negative view of friendship whereas Aristotle thinks friendship is good and therefore sought by everyone. Aristotles basic idea of dividing friendship into sections, utility, pleasure and virtue, is good but it can be said that his ideals are too high. Can he be right in saying that only virtuous people can have true friendships? The rest of us with lesser virtues are left with friendships of utility and friendships of pleasure, as only a select few can be truly virtuous. Many would be offended by this and many would believe that although they may not have friendships of virtue as Aristotle meant it they are not inferior and are true friendships all the same. It would be more beneficial to all if Aristotle made it clear that it is possible for everyone to experience true friendship and not limited it to virtuous people. If virtue is attained by age and wisdom does that not mean that everyone is potentially virtuous and therefore everyone can potentially be in a virtuous friendship? Subjectively speaking, I find many flaws in Aristotles views on friendship. The main ones being that he is too elitist, too exclusive when it comes down to defining true friendship and is far too inclusive when it comes to friendships of utility. Aristotle does however make many good arguments, and does a good job with dividing up friendship into categories. It allows us to look at friendship in a more structured way and lets us evaluate different friendships in our life.

Tourism is of major economic and social significance Essay -- Personâ€e

Tourism is of major economic and social significance. More than 720 million tourists spend $480 billion annually in places outside their own country (WTO, 2004). This is one of the largest items in the world’s foreign trade. The significance of tourism has been recognized in both developing and developed countries. This can be seen in the establishment of sophisticated and well resourced government departments of tourism , widespread encouragement and sponsorship of tourism developments, and the proliferation of small business and multinational corporations contributing to and deriving benefits from the tourism industry. In 2005, the tourism sector accounted for 3 % to 10% of the GDP of developing countries. The contribution of tourism to economic growth and development is reflected in the form of exports since it represents 40 percent of all xports of services, making it one of the largest categories of international trade (UNWTO, 2006). There is widespread optimism that tou rism might be a powerful and beneficial agent of both economic and social change, some even advocating that it might be a force for world peace. Indeed, tourism has stimulated employment, investment and entrepreneurial activity, modified land use and economic structure, and made a positive contribution to the balance of payments in many countries throughout the world. At the same time, the growth of tourism has prompted perceptive observes to raise many questions concerning the social and environmental desirability of encouraging further expansion. Do the expenditures of tourists benefit the residents of destination areas? Is tourism encouraging prostitution, crime and gambling? Does tourism rejuvenate or erode the traditional arts and crafts of host culture... ...o contain a mixture of both positive and negative strands and affect both hosts and guests (Opperman, Chon 1997; Cooper et al. 1998). As a result, in spite of the fact that some researchers regard socio-cultural change as one of the evils of tourism development, any form of economic development will, by definition, carry with it implications for social structure and cultural aspects of the host population (Cooper et al. 1998) Though originally most of the research tended to look at rural areas in the English speaking world (e.g., Long et al., 1990; Murphy, 1985) and then subsequently with reference to the impact of tourism on the communities and indigenous people (e.g., Ryan & Aicken, 2005), more recent research has looked at tourism impacts in the non-English-speaking world among the cultural representatives of those countries (e.g., Eraqi, 2007).

Cultural communication in France

French people have expectations for people they interact with in their country whether foreign or local. They look to people trying to express themselves in French, because they are proud of their culture and their history with all the roles it has played on the world affairs. They have a brief hand shake done when as greetings for when people and also as bye bye when people are leaving. During discussions people face each other and are close to each other. It is considered rude to chew a gun in public, and to have hands inside the pockets while speaking to people or in public.Political discussions are usually common subjects in discussion which gets interesting since they are heated debates, this is a form of entertainment but people prefer not to talk about how they voted, or are planning to vote. At introductions people prefer to use the first name alone. At work, in schools there lacks the spirit of team work as students are taught on a system which encourages individual goal rea lization. Their dressing is more formal as compared to Americans, but they are not so conservative and they prefer to express their individuality by their way of dressing at work.Dark colored fabrics with patterns are in preference to light colored ones. In their meetings they spend so much time analyzing and little time on aims and steps to take. Meetings done over meals will only commence towards the end of a meal e. g. at dessert. French people are not so consciously punctual. They are a clear line between official matters and those that are private. Privacy is respected; knock and wait for an answer before you enter into a room. Organizations are based on hierarchy and centralization.

The Contributions of Religion in World Civilization

The Contributions of Religion in World Civilization There have been heated debates concerning contribution of religion in advancing peace and causing conflict. Proponents of religion argue that it is a source of peace and tranquility in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Contributions of Religion in World Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They further argue that religion is the main source of hope for people because it promotes peace thus enabling people live harmonious and happy lives. On the other hand, opponents argue that religion is one of the main reasons for conflict in the world. Careful study and analysis of the contributions of religion in world’s civilization reveal that it contributes to both peace and conflict. Religion creates and fosters hope by empowering people through teachings that encourage peace. This is achieved by establishing cooperation between members of different religions. In the 21st century, religion has bee n a great force in advocating for justice in many regions of the world, especially underdeveloped and developing countries. Religion also rallies people against social injustices such as wars. For example, in the 1980s, Eastern and Western churches came together to promote peace in the world by participating in the peace movement. Many religions are involved in charity work and humanitarian aid activities. In many third world countries, the largest proportion of the population is poor. This means that they barely afford basic human needs. Churches create organizations to help poor people improve their lives by feeding, housing, and educating them. Before the world attained civilization, religion played a great role in causing conflicts. Religion was then a political institution that sought to amass wealth and power by conquering the world. Different religions fought wars in the name of their God, gods, and goddesses. Today, violent conflicts are linked to religious affiliations base d on race, culture, economic and territorial factors, and ethnicity. Most religious conflicts are based on differences in beliefs, teachings, and ideologies. Religion-based conflicts usually result in bloody wars because each religion considers itself superior to other religions. One of the religious groups that promote hate thus causing conflict is the Islamic extremists. Their beliefs promote hate and violence among people based on their religious affiliation. In ancient days, radical Christian groups exist that believed in violence as a problem resolution strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, Christianity has evolved significantly and eradicated extremism in most of its sects. Difference in ideologies ad beliefs is observed in the main religions of the world. These include Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. They all believe in one God but th eir beliefs and teachings are different. Some religions advocate for structural violence by establishing authoritarian decision-making structures that suppress efforts to promote egalitarianism. In many countries, churches have supported and promoted policies of dictatorial regimes. Recently, the Vatican supported the eminence of military rule in Haiti by rejecting the candidature of Aristide. This is clear evidence of religion’s involvement in promoting conflict either directly or indirectly. Islam has been accused many times of promoting hate and violence in the world. Its Jihad teaching has been a major cause of conflict and war especially in the Middle East and other parts of the world. Extremist groups such as Al Qaeda and Al Shabab use this teaching to launch attacks on members of different religions. The Middle East has undermined the eminence of religious tolerance as an avenue for peace and tranquility in the region. Historically, religion has been the cause of some of the bloodiest wars in the civilization of the world. This is because religion was a political entity that sought wealth and power. Religious leaders were powerful people who controlled larger regions and multitudes of people. Different religions fought wars in the name of their God, gods, and goddesses. Today, violent conflicts are linked to religious affiliations based on race, culture, economic and territorial factors, and ethnicity.

Ça Alors - French Expression

Ça Alors - French Expression The French exclamation  Ãƒ §a  alors  can express a whole range of reactions, from delight to surprise to indignation. Its used to mean how about that or my goodness and literally translates to that then. Like the second meaning of its old-fashioned cousin  ma  foi,  Ãƒ §a  alors  serves mainly to emphasize whatever it is said with.  It has an informal  register. Pronunciation Ça  Alors is pronounced [sah ah luhr]. Be careful not to contract the two words into [sah luhr] - you need to pronounce both as with a tiny pause between them. Example Usage of  Ãƒâ€¡a Alors Ça alors ! Je naurais jamais imaginà © un produit pareil.My goodness! Id never have imagined such a product.    -Je vais dà ©mà ©nager au Sà ©nà ©gal.-Ça alors, cest formidable  !-Im going to move to Senegal.-How about that! / Wow, thats great!    -Jai invità © Thomas dà ©jeuner, mais il prà ©tend à ªtre dà ©bordà © de travail.-Ça alors, je lai vu la plage trois fois cette semaine  !-I invited Thomas to lunch, but he claims to be snowed under with work.-Well, really, I saw him at the beach three times this week!

Essay on VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER

Essay on VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay on VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPER Essay on VISUAL ANALYSIS PAPERThe art has always played a significant role in fixing ideals and reality of certain historical period. The notions of beauty, in particular, are different in different periods of time, and it is rather interesting and educational to study artifacts of people who lived on earth before. The Woman from Willendorf is a catchy example of ancient art that provokes a mixed response.The Woman from Willendorf is a small prehistoric statuette made of oolitic limestone. It is about 4 inches high and more than 2 inches wide, yellowish by color with red tints of ochre. On the face of it, the image seems to be awkward or even outraging, but as the viewer learns the very sense of the artifact, the beauty of it begins to uncover itself. The figure is flaring because it portrays a naked obese woman, and the parts of her body are portrayed in detail. The female figure does not correspond to modern idea of beauty, but the function of the statuette was rather ritual than a esthetic. The shape of the figurine resembles a pear. Therefore, it seems rational to assume that the statuette is a portrayal of some goddess because such obese women used to be a symbol of fertility. Thus, the author tried his best to emphasize stumpy constitution of his model. The breasts are pendulous; the stomach is obese and circled with â€Å"ring-buoy†; the belly button is clearly defined; and the buttocks are outstanding. One more noticeable detail is that her arms are folded on her breast, which makes her look relaxed and calm. In fact, severe overweight of the woman was not posed as a defect. At the same time, no attention has been paid to her face. It is obvious that the parts associated with childbearing and fertility were crucial for the author. The vulva’s labia are treated in an outright manner, and the pubic area is even protruding too much.Although the Woman does not have eyes or mouth, the master has dedicated much time to carving the upper part of h er head. There are circular horizontal bands on it resembling plaited hair; on the other hand, it may be a headwear or something like that. The figure does not have feet; probably, they have been broken off or the author did not plan them at all. The latter assumption leads some researchers to the idea that the figure could be used in a vaginal way to favor easy conception, childbearing and childbirth.The statuette is friable and crumby, and despite the realistic representation of its almost repulsive appearance, it may seem that the figure is made of pastry and looks rather appetizing. Apart from that, it should be taken to account that at the time the statuette was made people did not have such plenty of foods as we have today. It is doubtful that overweight women were prevailing twenty thousand years ago when they lived in a harsh ice age environment, so the exclusive female corpulence is likely celebrated not to show a typical representative of ancient community. Instead, such a shape became an object of ritualization, and a puffy female body naturally turned into a symbol of fertility. After all, personalization of natural forces was generic for ancient people, and in this way they probably produced a visualization of their ultimate dreams concerning abundance and healthy procreation.

Corporate Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Corporate Culture - Essay Example The concept of corporate culture that became widespread in the 1980s was mentioned in the book of Tom Peters and Robert Waterman (1982), In Search of Excellence, in which it was also, mentioned the potential impacts the values and the mindsets of a company could have on its success. There are many factors which influence the shaping or developing of an organizational culture. Buchanan and Huczyenski (1991) came up with four main factors. They argued that for a corporate culture to develop, an organization is required to have a strong and sound set of values, which is usually set up by the organization's founder. Those values are expected to carry forward through the top managerial levels that strengthen the firm's standards and a social learning process is evolved as an outcome. Secondly, the environment of an organization, such as the mention of company's heroes, symbols and notices present will affect the style of how the organization is run and functions. The stories of past efficient employees of the business who contributed greatly to the performance and development of the organization that circulate around in an organization greatly affect the way the rest of the employees work and behave in the organization. ... The methods can be formal and informal, one-way or two-way and can be both. However, communication is a strong factor as it depicts the present culture of the organization and affects others. The training sessions and induction and orientation practices used for communication also develop the way things are handled in a business and thus the corporate culture gets affected. Moreover, what are interrelated with the communication factor are the cultural networks. This implies the set of common beliefs a group of people share within themselves. If a set of values and assumptions are shared by a large group of people that is bound to be the dominant corporate culture in the organization. However, if cultural networks are scattered in an organization, then the organizational culture tends to be weak as no one is following a fixed set of values. The leadership and management style also shapes up the culture around in a business as the managers are usually known as the culture carriers and convey it to the rest of people working in an organization. John Kotter and James Heskett (1992) came up with two types of organizational culture, adaptive culture and inert culture. Adaptive culture as the name implies, is a flexible way of doing things where external factors are taken into account and changers are made in the organization accordingly. Decision making is usually centralized as it facilities greater flexibility in decision making and risk taking. The inert culture is unresponsive to the external environment and has a set of rigid beliefs which it does not change. Decision making is often centralized and there is a

Major Current International Intrest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major Current International Intrest - Essay Example The forty years rule of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi had been associated with Islamic socialism that thrived on state sponsored terrorism. While the protests are getting more intense, Colonel Gaddafi has wowed to suppress the political unrest by using violent military crackdown techniques. Libya is 12th largest exporter of oil and supplies around 1.53 million barrels per day (cbcnews, 2011). It has significant gas reserve and is one of the largest exporters of oil and gas to the European nations like France, Germany, Spain, Italy etc. for refineries. The Libyan crisis therefore has adversely impacted the world market. The prices of crude oil have escalated tremendously, touching $108 per barrel (Kollewe, 22 Feb. 2011). The global stocks have taken a severe battering which threatens the still fragile economic recovery across the globe. Fatih Birol, International Energy Agency’s chief economist says that ‘Oil prices are a serious risk for the global economic recovery’ (i bid). Indeed, if the violence continues unabated in Libya, there could be huge ramifications on the global economy. In Libya, most of the foreign refineries have closed down for fear of security. The oil supplies have been curtailed and there is genuine threat to the closure of Suez Canal that is the main route for trade across Europe and America.

The Lottery Shirley Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lottery Shirley Jackson - Essay Example The people are all speculating on who is likely to win the draw. When one of them, Tessie, picks the paper with the black mark on it she protests that the draw has been unfair. The people ignore her and eventually hurl stones at her. ‘The Lottery’ tells of the evil that exists within all people, even those that look harmless. The people in the town have continued to practice the ancient tradition of the lottery despite the lack of knowledge of the original purpose of the ceremony (Murphy 105). This tradition is practiced with the knowledge that at the end of the draw, a person will be chosen at random to be stoned to death. The person’s friends and family are expected to participate in the act. The event has been compared to other practices such as Halloween, showing that it is acceptable to the members of that community. The willingness to participate in such an event shows the evil present in the people. The people from the town are reflective of man’s need and desire for a scapegoat, an object or person through whom they can release their frustrations. This is the object or person through whom they are able to project their undesirable characters. Such an object can then be destroyed by being offered as a sacrifice, or through some ritualistic act. The fact that the killing of a person at the end of the lottery draw has been turned into a ritual makes the act of killing someone (murder) acceptable to people who otherwise appear normal and religious. The turning of the practice into a ritual masks the evil and brutality of the act. The choice of characters and their names advance the main idea in the story. The characters are given ordinary names and live ordinary lives. This is suggestive of harmlessness and morally upright way of life. The fact that they all take part in the annual ritual of stoning one of their own to death suggests that one would have been wrong to judge them on the appearance of normalcy that they have. They are

Biology 206 U3IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Mammalian Stem Cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mammalian Stem Cells - Research Paper Example However, research has raised ethical and religious issues which oppose the duplication of body tissues. Our research shows that the benefit of mammalian stem cell culture has increasingly become important over the years in the production of antibodies, hormones and other vaccines essential for the treatment of various body ailments. Introduction Stem cells are found throughout the body of an animal. They occur in numerous numbers in the tissues such as the brain, adipose and the muscles. Stem cells help in maintaining the functioning and integrity of the tissues throughout the lifetime of an organism. This is because their main role is the replacement of the differentiated cells which are lost through attrition or other damages. Mammalian stem cells have the capacity of proliferating while maintaining their primitive states. In addition, they also differentiate into other specialized lineage. Due to their expansion and differentiation capabilities, there is high promise in the develo pment of cell based models of human diseases. This is because such diseases can be treated during the cell replacement therapies. Engineers and researchers have developed a theoretical approach and other cell culture systems. All this technologies are vital in the control of stem cell fate which is the ultimate goal to scale up the clinical grade during the production of stem cell therapies. Advancement of stem cells science and broadening of cell culture technology has led to arising of therapies and tissue engineering. This paper work gives an overview of tissue engineering and therapies of mammalian stem cells. It describes the current progress and prospect of stem cells research and its potential application in the medical treatment. Discussion Stem cell technologies and tissue engineering have currently emerged rapidly with an approach of addressing disease problems and other serious body complications. The two technologies are the interdisciplinary fields that use the principl e of bioengineering and other sciences towards assembling of the stem cells. This is important in restoring, maintaining and improving the functioning of the cell following their damage by disease or other traumatic processes. It is, therefore, easy to manage incurable diseases and loss of tissue through the successful therapies of artificial transplant of body organs. The general principles of stem cell engineering and tissue therapy are the combination of living cells with other synthetic scaffold to build three dimension living cells. The three dimensional cell structures aid in guiding the growth, organization and differentiation of cells. Synthetic scaffold should be biocompatible and designed in a way that it assists in meeting the nutritional and biological needs of different cells on the body. Their growth factors should be made of soluble peptides that are capable of binding the cellular receptors that provide permissive or preventive response of the cell towards differenti ation of the body tissue (Kim and Evans 12). Therapy And Tissue Engineering Fundamentals The concept of tissue engineering started in 1933 when tumor cells from the mouse demonstrated survival ability when they were implanted in the abdominal cavity of an embryo chick. Few decades later the chick’s pancreatic beta cells demonstrated that they responded by releasing insulin depending on the concentration of glucose in the body. In 1980, through the principle of tissue enginee

Promoting access to medical technologies - from Chile's perspective Research Paper

Promoting access to medical technologies - from Chile's perspective mun position - Research Paper Example Chile believes that this is one of the issues that international peace is being put on stakes. In order to bring peace in the world, there needs to be uniformity and equality among countries. Therefore, Chile positions the aspect of promotion of access to medical technologies for developing countries (World Health Organization). In the present times, Chile is determined to undertake treaties and agreements that would allow developing countries to benefit from it. Among these agreements, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP) seems to work effectively for negotiation from 12 countries. Chile is among these 12 countries that are committed to develop medical research and technologies in developing countries so that the current research protocol in the developed countries can be shifted or shared with the developing countries. Similar to these treaties are the forum discussion being held with Chile with Asian developing countries where effective and life-saving medicine research is being sponsored so that chronic diseases can now be treated. It is an evident fact that medicine and technology cannot be applied until constant lab work is done within the developing countries. For this purpose, Chile has proposed the initiation of university programs that will be aided by the country along with the infrastructure. Chile c ompletely understand that at this point where international politics have become increasingly critical, exchange of technology can surely be a way to bring peace and harmony. It will spread equality among developing and developed countries so that conflicts can be finished (Li). It is thus recommended that developed countries of the world must come forward and promote medical technologies access by forming legal and policy options. There needs to be effective research done on the empirical data confirming the assisted usage of medical technologies in developing countries (Zuniga, Marks and Gostin). It is

Biology 206 U3IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology 206 U3IP - Research Paper Example The last codons, UAA, UAG, and UGA, signal the STOP, the conclusion of the translation (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). What meaning do these mRNA codons have for protein synthesis? Explanation: Messenger RNA are the carriers of information. They form them into groups of 3 words, which identify specific amino acids that can then create a protein chain (Clancy & Brown , 2008). Did the two mutations result in a change in the final proteins? If so, describe the change. Response/ explanation: Yes, in the first mutation, eliminated the glycine and included an extra element of arginine. The second mutation was drastically different from the first. Glycine has returned, along with asparagines, but the other three positions have taken by three different sequences that are not reflective of the first sequence. In general, why might a change in amino acid sequence affect protein function? Explanation: Even a single change in amino acid sequences can affect the proteins ab ility to function. For example, the disease sickle cell anemia is caused by the change in only a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence can cause deformation in the red blood cells that can prevent it from carrying oxygen efficiently or successfully (Carter, 2004). Part II Punnett Square a. Chances (%) for healthy child, not a carrier b. Chances (%) for child that is carrier for cystic fibrosis trait c. Chances (%) for child with cystic fibrosis Fill out/adapt Punnett Square: __C____ __c___ ___C___ CC Cc ___c___ Cc cc a. Chances (%) for healthy child, not a carrier: 25% b. % for child that is carrier for cystic fibrosis trait: 50% c. % for child with cystic fibrosis: 25% Part III: Essay How do both meiosis and sexual reproduction (fertilization) produce offspring that differ genetically from the parents? Include steps in meiosis that increase variability Include the process of fertilization. Explanation: Meiosis, in a basic definition is the process of cell division that lessens the number of chromosomes in the reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, which allows for the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. Meiosis involves 2 steps, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, which then breaks into a number of phases, including interphase, metaphase, and telephase. Meiosis provides three specific mechanisms allowing for the diversifying of the genomes of offspring. Crossing Over, which occurs during meiosis when two chromosomes will pair up and exchange segments, with non-sister, cells, of their genetic materials. This allows for greater diversity to exist. Next is Random Assortment, basically, this process occurs when the when the â€Å"orientation† of the maternal and paternal homologues, within the first portion of the meiosis I, is genuinely random. Traits can be traded at randomly. The possible result of random assortment in humans can, more than, 8,000,000, potential, combinations (Chowdhury, Bois, Feingold,, Sherman & Cheung, 2009). Fertilizat ion, with the reduction of chromosomes it allows for the â€Å"

Promoting access to medical technologies - from Chile's perspective Research Paper

Promoting access to medical technologies - from Chile's perspective mun position - Research Paper Example Chile believes that this is one of the issues that international peace is being put on stakes. In order to bring peace in the world, there needs to be uniformity and equality among countries. Therefore, Chile positions the aspect of promotion of access to medical technologies for developing countries (World Health Organization). In the present times, Chile is determined to undertake treaties and agreements that would allow developing countries to benefit from it. Among these agreements, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP) seems to work effectively for negotiation from 12 countries. Chile is among these 12 countries that are committed to develop medical research and technologies in developing countries so that the current research protocol in the developed countries can be shifted or shared with the developing countries. Similar to these treaties are the forum discussion being held with Chile with Asian developing countries where effective and life-saving medicine research is being sponsored so that chronic diseases can now be treated. It is an evident fact that medicine and technology cannot be applied until constant lab work is done within the developing countries. For this purpose, Chile has proposed the initiation of university programs that will be aided by the country along with the infrastructure. Chile c ompletely understand that at this point where international politics have become increasingly critical, exchange of technology can surely be a way to bring peace and harmony. It will spread equality among developing and developed countries so that conflicts can be finished (Li). It is thus recommended that developed countries of the world must come forward and promote medical technologies access by forming legal and policy options. There needs to be effective research done on the empirical data confirming the assisted usage of medical technologies in developing countries (Zuniga, Marks and Gostin). It is

Opinion on Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Opinion on Curriculum Essay Curriculum is an important part of the education system. As such it has to be evaluated every now and then so that it remains effective in addressing the learning needs of the students in different levels. A curriculum evaluation team should represent all of the persons that are directly or indirectly affected by the curriculum. To successfully evaluate the curriculum, the team should be composed of educators, knowledgeable students, school administrators, pedagogy practitioners and psychologists. With such a team, the impact of the curriculum can be effectively evaluated. Online communication tools help a team working online in a working environment by helping the team members use the online platform while communicating with each other. Such tools can also hinder them because they cannot interact with each other face to face and they have to rely on the text and images they are manipulating on their screens. Much of the details they have to consider may be lost in the process. The goal of the curriculum and how it will be achieved is the most important factor that should be examined in the curriculum. This can set apart a good curriculum from the merely acceptable ones. Although this may be a comprehensive and tedious process, the team can analyze this if they consider the elements of the curriculum in its totality and not only in its individual components. The team can stay on track by establishing a schedule and arriving at a set of deliverables. This way, the team will know the progress that they are making and what areas they need to work on more. It would also be important for them to celebrate their accomplishments and the way they meet their targets.

Management Research Project and Presentation

Management Research Project and Presentation The British Red Cross is a charity registered in the UK. It is the UK member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (the Federation), an humanitarian Movement that currently encompasses 186 territories across the world and around 97 million staff, supporters and volunteers. The British Red Cross employs 2,755 members of staff and 27,349 volunteers, and income in 2008 amounted to  £243,548,000. The 2006 Intangible Business report (2006) placed the organisation as the fifth most powerful charity brand in the UK, with its brand value topping  £108,000,000; along with an income that year of  £201,900,000. The British Red Cross places strong emphasis on its differentiation from other charities and non-governmental organisations; in particular its absolute commitment to neutrality, impartiality and independence, coupled with its emphasis on individual and community resilience. These give the brand a competitive advantage above others in the sector. The first aid services business unit (the department in question for this marketing plan) forms part of the income from generating fund (trading) work stream, and is concerned with teaching first aid and selling first aid products. The first aid services departments customer base is non-commercial groups, such as schools, clubs, societies, other charities and support organisations. 1.2 Research Problem The focus of the organisation as a whole is on the creation of a society in which all are empowered to prepare for, withstand and recover from emergencies on whatever scale they occur from dealing with a cut finger to managing a major disaster. The organisation has realised that service levels should be improved and enhance the charity activities. The British Red Cross already works closely with primary schools teachers, and has developed a first aid learning resource for secondary schools  [1]  . A similarly differentiated kit that can be used in primary schools would fill the gap identified above, as well as generating income for the organisation, reinforcing its position as a leader in first aid learning  [2]  , and fulfilling corporate objectives. This strategic plan is designed to introduce a new product (the primary first aid learning kit) to an existing market (primary school teachers). The plan includes a marketing audit and examines the current internal situation at the British Red Cross in addition to analysing the external environment in order to devise objectives, strategies, tactics and implementation targets. A SOSTAC model has been used to give a structural basis to the marketing activity. 1.3 Research Objectives To find that when an emergency strikes, they will respond. How should make people and communities more resilient by helping them prepare for and withstand disasters. How to help vulnerable people recover from health or social crises, and live with dignity and independence in their homes. How to increase the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements impact on the lives of the most vulnerable. How to make volunteering for us the best experience money cant buy. Make sure key people and groups know what we do and why and how they can help. Method to ensure those who use our services, and who support us in other ways, trust us and have confidence in how we work. How to maximise our net income as cost-effectively as possible. Above research objectives based on the corporate objectives. These objectives can specifically mention as follows; To increase informal first aid learning by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objective 2. To increase the number of first aid products sold by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objectives 2 and 8. To increase knowledge and awareness of British Red Cross key first aid products and services by 20% in the next 3 years within 2 priority groups: teachers and parents. This relates to research objectives 2 and 6. 1.4 The importance of marketing research Methodology Proper marketing research is key to an organisations ability successfully launch a new product into an existing market, and in doing so to increase profit and brand equity. Within a charity context, the need to generate funds to be used to help others is a major part of the organisations activities and this aim simply cannot be realised without effective and efficient research in place. Effective marketing research can also boost the chances of bring about real social good, and making positive changes to beneficiaries lives. A well-structured research that makes use of relevant models and takes account of both internal and external factors ensures clarity and a systematic approach. Marketing research uncovers niches in the market which can be filled, highlights gaps in funding and provision and drives the organisation towards the fulfilment of its goals. The first stage of the marketing research process is to establish where the organisation is at the present time, to act as a baseline for comparisons and something on which the marketing research can build. At the heart of this situation analysis is the identification of critical success factors and distinctive competencies, which are the distilled learning from examination of the organisations strength and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats it faces  [3]  . Using these key pieces of information, the marketer can allocate resources to ensure that wherever possible strengths are boosted, weaknesses overcome, opportunities are taken and threats neutralised. A key part of the marketing research process is identifying customer needs and wants, and profitable ways of satisfying them. Without this information, the organisation is left creating products and services about which it has no idea of demand. Part of gathering this type of data is competitor analysis, which can provide valuable insights into the market as well as flagging up potential areas of overlap and areas which would not prove profitable. Effective marketing research also combats wastage through efficient use of resources. Using models such as the Value Chain Analysis highlights areas where savings can be made and processes tightened in order to maximise value and deliver a larger profit margin. In the example of the British Red Cross, use of the Value Chain Analysis showed that the margin could be increased by improving the efficiency of inbound logistics  [4]  . Wastage can also be combated through the examination of potential changes to internal and external environments, and building proactive mitigating factors to negative change and ways to take advantage of positive change into the plan is key. It is necessary to conduct survey to collect all information. They can use questionnaire in print format as well as in e-format (online questionnaire). Through the existing welfare societies can distribute the questionnaire. Then should collect and properly analyse the entire research findings. Also company can conduct other primary research methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. In this report analysis I have taken most of the secondary sources. 1.5 Literature Review A marketing research is a starting point from which the organisation can begin to look forward, fill gaps and plan activities. In the words of Dibb et al (2005): A marketing audit is a systematic examination of the marketing functions objectives, strategies, programmes, organisation and performance. Without this methodically obtained baseline, the organisation has no way of evaluating either where it has come from or where it is going. Factors affecting the organisation must be identified, potential changes considered and prepared for, and the reliability and validity of information should be rigorously interrogated. This requires considerable research on the part of the marketing team, and is of vital importance. Situation analysis should form a regular part of a marketing departments work in order for it to adapt to both internal and external changes in the environment. 1.5.1 Internal factors The organisation has control over its internal environment, and as such it is important to examine internal factors closely. Data must be gathered, both current and historical, as well as think pieces examining future plans. Reliability of information should also be considered minutes of meetings may not always be accurate and staff and volunteers may not always be scrupulously honest in workforce surveys. In addition, some data may not be available, either due to confidentiality, poor record keeping or lack of budget. Organisational strengths and weaknesses should be taken into account, and potential internal changes considered. 1.5.2 7Ps and 7Ss Booms and Bitners 7P and McKinseys 7S models have been employed to identify and analyse the internal factors affecting the British Red Cross  [5]  . Both models are key tools in the marketing analysis. Used correctly and in conjunction with the external analyses, the information they uncover forms the basis on which the entire marketing plan rests. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each P and each S, the marketing team can evaluate the organisation, taking a snapshot of the current situation which will allow for planning to increase positive aspects and reduce negatives. It also enables the marketing team to consider the perspectives of the organisations stakeholders, all of whom are key to success. Both the 7P and 7S models are key tools in the marketing analysis which, when used correctly, uncover information that forms the basis for building a sound marketing plan. For example, in the case of the British Red Cross these models identified the strengths of the organis ations positive brand association, which will play a key role in the positioning of the first aid education kit, but also highlighted a weakness of product differentiation, which the kit will go some way towards addressing. 1.5.3 BCG matrix As a large organisation the British Red Cross undertakes many different activities and provides hundreds of products and services. The products and services from the first aid services strategic business unit have particular potential to affect the activity surrounding the primary first aid marketing kit, and it is important to map each of these in order to generate future strategy. To do this, and to examine the potential placement of the kit within the context of the strategic business unit, the Boston Consultancy Groups portfolio analysis matrix was employed  [6]  . This identified that the majority of the units output are cash cows, and the minority are dogs, highlighting that good levels of profit are coming in and resource investment is fairly low. The matrix suggests that resource capacity from the cash cows can be used to grow the kit from a question mark to a star. The matrix has also shown up areas of the units work of which it would seem prudent to divest itself in ord er to reinvest resources. 1.5.4 PLC Along with the BCG matrix, the product life cycle is also extremely useful tool in indicating to the marketing team the level of resourcing a product requires now, and the likely stages it will go through if a good marketing plan is well executed  [7]  . This model identifies the products growth stage, with each stage requiring different levels of resource investment and different activity. As the kit is currently in research and development it requires great investment of time and money and cannot yet make a profit. 1.5.5 Value chain analysis Porters value chain analysis examines the primary and secondary activities undertaken by the organisation  [8]  . The model demands a thorough interrogation of the organisations work, which is split into activities which can directly affect income (primary) and activities which support income affecting activities (secondary). By undertaking this process, the marketing team can identify areas where value to can be added and a competitive advantage created in order to maximise profit. In the case of the British Red Cross, there is already a good level of value within the system, but some activities were identified which could benefit from modification. 1.5.6 Distinctive competencies The distinctive competencies of an organisation are derived from close investigation into its internal environment and the strengths and weaknesses therein. The competencies identify the core skills and superior qualities of the organisation which differentiate it and can confer competitive advantage. They are the culmination of the internal situation analysis and identify priority areas which can be leveraged to gain success. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 distinctive competencies were identified, and played an important part in informing the marketing plan  [9]  . Internal change is slow within such a large organisation and so it is unlikely that the competencies will change dramatically within the life of the marketing plan. The reason for this is in part due to the organisational culture and ways of working and in part due to the immutable founding principles of the organisation. For example, unless a catastrophic event occurs to the organisation and the comprehensive crisis management plan is not implemented, it is unlikely that the positive brand equity could be destroyed within the timeframe of the marketing plan. In addition, the organisation employs a brand management department which works solely to enhance and protect the organisations position. Written into the organisations five year strategy is are objectives concerning emergency response and first aid, which guarantee investment and highlight the importance placed on these areas. Again, it is highly unlikely that the organisation will change these priorities and nullify this disti nctive competency. As regards the need to further differentiate products and services, such a large and slow-moving organisation as the British Red Cross will take time to do this, and the activities outlined in the marketing should go some way to achieving this goal. 1.5.7 External factors In addition to the internal environment, over which the organisation has control, there are two external environments, the micro and the macro. Data must be collected for both of these environments, and examined as closely as that from inside the organisation. Articles in the media, competitor reports and accounts, conversations with counterparts, and political details should be studied, as well as social and cultural practices within the products target market. Again, the validity of data should be closely questioned, as an element of bias is likely to appear in most media and political reports, and competitors and counterparts will always attempt to show their own organisation in a positive light. Research into and analysis of the external environment also enables the marketing team to consider their organisation from the perspective of a customer, competitor or supplier. In order to be fully informed about the total environment into which the primary first aid learning kit is to b e launched, it is vital that as many issues which may affect it as possible are known, so that positive action can be taken and pitfalls avoided. The micro-environment The micro-environment consists of external factors which are fairly close to the organisation, and which it may be able to influence in some way. By using a SPICC analysis  [10]  to consider those groups who are closest to the organisation, the marketing team can plan ways in which to positively affect them. Porters five forces analysis  [11]  is another useful model and considers risk from the external environment in order to prompt thinking on mitigating loss and maximising gain to the organisation. The macro-environment The macro-environment is much less close and it is far less possible for the organisation to effect changes in this area. Nevertheless, it is still extremely important for the organisation to be aware of features which may impact on its profitability, brand and its ability to meet its objectives. Special consideration should be given to factors that are most likely to bring about change and those which would have the largest impact on the organisation. The PESTEL model enables a high level analysis into this environment, and gives insight in the decline or growth of a particular market and the position of competitors, as well as suggesting avenues for exploration  [12]  . 1.5.8 Critical Success Factors In identifying and interrogating the opportunities and threats uncovered by the micro and macro environment, the marketing team can identify the organisations critical success factors those features which are essential to ensuring the organisation succeeds in its endeavours. Along with the distinctive competencies, these factors require the greatest attention from the organisation if it is to flourish. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 critical success factors were identified, and these play a key role in the marketing plan  [13]  . Task Two 2.1 Organisational Objectives Over 120,000 people undertake a first aid training course with the British Red Cross each year, but to really begin to embed community resilience, we need to increase the number of people accessing first aid learning through more informal means (learning tips online, using a learning kit at school, etc.). With the current economic downturn it is important to diversify income streams, to mitigate against a reduction in donations from individuals. An increase of 10% in first aid product sales would result in further funds for the organisation to put back into its charitable activities, as well as increasing the resilience capability of the general public. It would also assist in meeting the target of a 10% increase in income from the overall trading stream. As shown above, in 2009 only 50% of the general public felt the British Red Cross products and services stood out clearly. To build resilience, we need to make sure our offers are differentiated. Teachers and parents are key audiences in the community, and by increasing their knowledge of what we offer, we can gain access to children and young people the life-savers of tomorrow. 2.2 Marketing strategy 2.2.1 Growth strategy Ansoffs matrix  [14]  provides a framework for identifying the most appropriate growth strategy in order to fulfil the functional marketing objectives and reach the sales objective. Applying the matrix, having examined the planning gap analysis and objectives, showed that a product development growth strategy is most appropriate to use in this situation. This supports the posited idea to launch a primary first aid learning kit. Gaps in the first aid services portfolio have been identified, and the British Red Cross already has a strong brand and a good reputation in this field both in terms of quality and value, and in terms of expertise  [15]  . The British Red Cross already has good links with teachers in primary schools, following years of first aid education training, and this knowledge and contact data will optimise success. The existing market for first aid products and services is still viable (which rules out a market development strategy), as one of the distinctive competencies discussed above highlighted that British Red Cross products and services are not yet fully differentiated, and situation analysis research showed that general public awareness of products and services was only 50%. A product development strategy is also of only medium risk as an organisation the British Red Cross does not undertake high risk growth strategies, and prefers to build on accrued knowledge and experience in known markets, as it will be able to do with the primary first aid learning kit. A diversification strategy would be too high risk for the organisation, and a market penetration strategy for the new kit would not be possible. 2.2.2 Competitive strategy In order to support the growth strategy, a method of maintaining competitive edge is needed, and this has been determined using Porters generic strategies model. Having examined the factors discussed above and in the appendices, the most appropriate competitive strategy for this situation is a focus or market segmentation strategy. As a charity, the British Red Cross finds it difficult to compete on cost, and as it is not a hugely fast-moving organisation it cannot regularly innovate. Many of its products and services are designed for very specific audiences and are generally of a specialised nature. There is some competition in the first aid services market, but the number of competitors is low and there are identified gaps in the market one of which is the primary first aid learning kit  [16]  . 2.2.3 Segmentation, target and positioning Within the British Red Cross first aid services strategic business unit are a large number of products and services  [17]  . However, this marketing plan is concerned only with the launch of a new primary first aid learning kit, and as such the segmentation, targeting and positioning data will apply only to the kit. Segmentation Geographical segmentation: UK Chosen because the primary first aid learning kit is designed to work with the national curricula across the UK. This segment cannot be reduced further as the aim is to reach as many children as possible, regardless of their location. Demographical segmentation: Male and female adults who regularly work with groups of young people aged 5 11 years old and who have access to physical learning spaces (schools, village halls, scout huts, etc.) and available funds in excess of  £500 per year. These were chosen as customers will already be working with young people those not working in this field will have no interest in the product. The customers will need space to work in when using the kit, and will be aware of this before they buy. They will need a budget in excess of  £500, as although the kit is will cost significantly less than this, it is unlikely that those on smaller budgets will feel able to spend money on anything other than very basic materials which this kit is not. These segmentation criteria suggest the following segments to target: primary school teachers, youth group leaders, parents of large families. Target Teachers will be the prime segment which British Red Cross first aid services will target. This is for the following reasons: The British Red Cross has a good strategic fit with schools and teachers, as both are concerned with education and positive behaviours. There are many ways to reach teachers, both at school and externally. It is likely to become law for first aid to be taught in schools, which will boost teachers interest in the kit and drive sales. The primary first aid learning kit will be designed to work with school curricula, which will also increase teachers interest. Teachers have budget available to buy specific learning materials, especially those which form part of the national curricula. The British Red Cross first aid services team already have good links with primary school teachers. Parents of large families were discounted, as they operate in a far more informal way than the kit requires its a formal learning tool. Youth group leaders were discounted as they are more difficult to reach, are likely to have less disposable budget, and the British Red Cross has fewer links with them. The types of schools at which the teachers teach have not been discussed, as although public and private schools are likely to have more disposable income, they are not affected by national curricula requirements so are no more or less likely to buy it than state schools. Although state schools have less money they must follow the requirements of the national curricula. This money/curricula equation therefore cancels out any potential advantages of choosing one type of school teacher over another. According to the latest available data from the Department of Children, Schools and Families (2002), there are around 207,460 primary school teachers in the UK, working at 22,000 primary schools. Positioning Teachers of children aged 5 11 years old are typically very busy, have minimal time to research new products and services, are extremely aware of price, quality and accuracy, want to use materials which give their pupils the best chance of success, want to fulfil their obligations under the national curricula, and place high value on organisations which behave responsibly and make their lives easier. This suggests that the primary first aid kit must be positioned as excellent value for money and created by an expert, trustworthy organisation. It must be shown to be a high quality product thats easy to get hold of, easy to use and gives pupils a solid, accurate, practical and engaging insight in the material. The services surrounding the kit must be also be positioned as easy, quick and trustworthy. The design of the materials should echo these points. The kit will sit within the branded quality product category it is brand new and unique, good value for money and, due to its niche market, will only be available through a few sales outlets (by phone, online or mail order, due to the unique way the British Red Cross is permitted to sell its materials  [18]  ). This fits with the focus competitive strategy discussed above. 2.3 Marketing Mix 2.3.1 Product The primary first aid learning kit is a predominantly tangible entity, surrounded by layers of intangible services. The core product is the tangible first aid learning kit, which fulfils teachers need to educate their pupils in first aid. The second product, or first value added layer, consists of the products design and packaging (which will encourage sales by being clear, simple, professional and practical), its clearly signposted curriculum links (which will show customers exactly how the product will benefit them and their pupils), the British Red Cross brand with which its associated (which is well known and trusted), the multimedia taster materials available in advance of purchase (which, again, will highlight the positive aspects of the kit whilst at the same time engendering goodwill for providing some free materials), the quick and easy ways to buy the kit (which will make it easier for the customers to buy it, as we know how time-pressed they are), and the quick and easy de livery promises (which, again, will encourage customers who have not had much chance to order materials far in advance). The aim of all this is to add value to the core product and drive sales. 2.3.2 Price The pricing strategy of the primary first aid learning kit will is linked to the value which customers place on the satisfaction of their need to teach first aid to 5 11 year olds. This means an examination of the highest value the customer would pay and the lowest cost the British Red Cross can sell it for is necessary. 2.3.3 Place The British Red Cross model of distribution is direct it does not use intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers. This is positive in that it allows for a high level of control, good customer relationship management, the brand is protected and low marginal cost. Inversely, this model has high set-up costs, its a time-consuming process, market reach is limited, brand equity cant be increased through piggybacking and costs cannot be passed on to intermediaries. 2.3.4 Promotion Using the DRIP  [19]  analysis, the objectives for the primary first aid learning kit during each stage of the product life cycle, and the percentage of resources allocated are as follows: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Differentiation Secondary objective (35% of resources) Secondary objective (30% of resources) Tertiary objective (15% of resources) Tertiary objective (8% of resources) Reinforcement Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Secondary objective (20% of resources) Secondary objective (10% of resources) Informing Main objective (50% of resources) Tertiary objective (25 % of resources) Quaternary objective (10% of resources) Quaternary objective (2% of resources) Persuading Tertiary objective (10% of resources) Main objective (40% of resources) Main objective (55% of resources) Main objective (80% of resources) 2.3.5 Extended marketing mix The extended marketing mix of people, process and physical evidence can be used to overcome the limitations of the kit (particularly those associated with its service layers), as well as the first 4 Ps discussed above. The limitations in question are: Intangibility: The kit itself along with its packaging is tangible, which limits the issue of intangibility, but by providing documents to support the intangible services associated with it (such as the 5 year guarantee and curriculum signposting), this can be limited further. The free first aid learning support could be formalised i

Indecision, Hesitation and Delay in Shakespeares Hamlet - Needless Delay? :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Hamlet's Delay The question of why Hamlet delays in taking revenge on Claudius for so long has puzzled readers and audience members alike. Immediately following Hamlet's conversation with the Ghost, he seems determined to fulfill the Ghost's wishes and swears his companions to secrecy about what has occurred. The next appearance of Hamlet in the play reveals that he has not yet revenged his father's murder. In Scene two, act two, Hamlet gives a possible reason for his hesitation. "The spirit that I have seen / May be a devil, and the devil hath power / T' assume a pleasing shape" (2.2.627-629). With this doubt clouding his mind, Hamlet seems completely unable to act. This indecision is somewhat resolved in the form of the play. Hamlet comes up with the idea of the play that is similar to the events recounted by the ghost about his murder to prove Claudius guilty or innocent. Due to the king's reaction to the play, Hamlet attains the belief that the Ghost was telling the truth the night of the appar ition. In Hamlets mind, it is now his duty to avenge his father's murder. This is where the real problem of inaction enters the play. Later that night, Hamlet has a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius, when he sees the King kneeling in prayer. He wonders if this is the time to kill him and get it over with, but decides not to. He claims that he does not want Claudius to go to heaven, so he would rather kill him when he is committing a sin. If this is the case, then why doesn't he simply wait till Claudius has completed his prayer, accuse him of the murder and kill him in his sin of denial. Instead, Hamlet goes to the chamber of his mother and passes up his best opportunity at revenge. The argument can be made, however, that it is not a fear of killing that causes this inaction. He does not display an inability to end someone's life when killing Polonius. He neither hesitates nor capitulates in sending Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to their executions. Why then would the prince of Denmark he sitate to kill the one man he most justly could? Many literary believe that his inaction is the result of a vicarious Oedipus complex. Those who concur with this theory say that Hamlet, in his subconscious mind, has a desire to do exactly what his uncle has done; that is, get rid of the king so that he can have Gertrude for himself.

Overcoming the Odds in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Essays -- Worn Path

In the short story, "A Worn Path" Eudora Welty's plot is not all that clear in the beginning, but progresses as her character carries on against the overwhelming forces against her. In this short story a black elderly woman, Phoenix Jackson, must overcome the odds against her as she valiantly travels through many obstacles in order to contribute to the wellness of her grandson, for whom she is making this trip down "a worn path." It is at this point that all of Welty's readers' hearts open up to this poor, elderly woman as she makes an attempt to carry on her love for her grandson by taking a long journey down a familiar path in order to get medication that seems to help ease his sickness pains. However, there are many forces against Phoenix that Welty includes in her story in order to make Phoenix's adventure end in a victory. Poverty, old age, and her journey through the woods are all of the odds which Phoenix must overcome. Poverty is a major hardship that most of us will never have to face, but in Phoenix's case, poverty is present everyday in her and her grandson's life. Since she is In this state of poverty, Phoenix is not able to enjoy life's luxuries as others do and Must make do with what she can. As she begins her journey, it becomes clear that she lacks the money to pay for transportation to and from town; therefore, she starts down her path carrying a "thin, small cane made from an umbrella" (132). Although Welty never really emphasizes what this is used for the reader can assume that she uses it because she does not have the money to buy the actual cane needed to help her walk properly. Another conflict dealing with poverty arouses when she feels it necessary to steal from a hunter she encounters in... ...cidents indicate that Phoenix adapts to the dangers that face her, and allows the plot to then become clear. Welty catches the reader's attention by how real her short story seems. Even though many people may never experience Phoenix's problems, the descriptions and images she uses allows her to create a powerful story in which many feel they can relate to in some way. Her three major problems, poverty, old age, and some form of a journey, are all obstacles which all of her readers will one day face as they travel through their own paths. Works Cited Jacobs, Henry E. and Roberts, Edgar V. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 5th ed. new Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998: 131-137. Oates, Joyce C. "Eudora Welty." Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1973 ed. 361. Vande Kieft, Ruth M. Eudora Welty. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1987.

Bromination of Acetanilide

BROMINATION OF ACETANILIDE OBJECTIVE Aim of the experiment was too brominate acetaldehyde to form p-bromoacetanilide. INTRODUCTION Acetanilide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula of C6H5NH(COCH3). It is a crystalline solid that is prepared by acetylation of analine and is widely used in the dye industry. This crystalline solid is an odourless solid chemical that has a flake or leaf like appearance. It is also known as N phenylacetamide, acetanil or acetanilide. Its former trade name was antifebrin. As mentioned earlier acetanilide can be produced by reacting acetic anhydride with aniline.C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O > C6H5NHCOCH3 + CH3COOH (http://www. mendelset. com/articles/680/preparation-recrystallization-acetanilide) (regensburg. de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/Grafik/box_brom_ar1. gif) The second figure illustrates the process used in the laboratory to form bromoacetanilide. Recrystallization is of key importance in the experiment because this method is used to obtain the crystals. Recrystallization is a purification technique that removes impurities from a sample. An impure solid is placed in a liquid for example water or ethanol. It is then heated making the solid dissolve into the solvent.When the solvent cools back down again, the solid will precipitate out of the solution and leave the impurities behind, still dissolved in the solvent. This method purifies the solid. Acetanilide has many uses in both pharmaceutical and manufacturing industry. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of penicillin and other pharmaceuticals. Originally it was the first aniline discovered to posses’ analgesic and antipyretic properties. A. Cahn and P. Hepp introduced it in the medical field in 1886. It was later to be discontinued in the medical field because of its toxic nature that was believed to cause cyanosis in the patient.Through further research it was also discovered that acetanilide is metabolized in the body to form paracetamol which was responsible for the analgesic and antipyretic property. Acetanilide is also used as an inhibitor in hydrogen pe roxide and is used to stabilize cellulose ester varnishes. It is also used in intermediation in rubber accelerator synthesis, dyes and dye intermediate synthesis and camphor synthesis. It is also used in the manufacture of sulfa drugs as it used for the production of 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride, which is a key intermediate during this manufacture. METHOD 4. g of acetanilide was placed in a 100cm3 conical flask. It was then dissolved by adding 20 cm3 of glacial acetic acid, which was measured out in a measuring cylinder. 7. 0 cm3 was dispensed directly into the conical flask by use of a burette in one portion. The flask was then swirled to mix the contents. It was then covered with a clock glass and left in the fume hood for precisely 30 minutes long and swirled occasionally during the duration. Aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphite solution was added into the beaker until the red colour of the reactant disappeared this was to ensure that excess bromine formed during the reaction was destroyed. Feature Article –Â  Free-Radical BrominationThe lumps of solid found in the bottom of the flask were broken up to ensure no trapped bromine remained. As a precaution the first part of the experiment, which is outlined above, was carried out in a fumed cupboard. The flask was then taken out of the cupboard and the solid was then filtered by suction filtration using a Buchner funnel and washed with distilled water (2x 25cm3 portions). As much water as possible was removed from the solid by suction filtration then transferred to a 100cm3 conical flask.The crude solid was recrystallized by use of a minimum volume of a mixture of ethanol and water in the ratio 2: 1 at its boiling point. This mixture was added in portions using a steam bath as a heat source. The clear solution was then set aside to cool to near room temperature. The flask was cooled thoroughly in an ice/water bath afterwards the crystals were collected by suction filtration using a Hirsch funnel. The crystals were then washed with approximately 1cm3 of ice-cold ethanol/water mixture, dried by suction filtration and the mass and melting point range recorded.RESULTS Mass of empty weighing boat | 2. 25g| Mass of empty weighing boat+crystals| 5. 09g| Mass of crystals| 2. 8g| Melting range| 162 – 170C | DISCUSSION Bromine is generally a toxic, corrosive and a severe irritant to lung and eye tissues. Necessary precautions were taken during the experiment. One of the precautions taken was handling of the bromine solution in the reaction was done in a fumed cupboard. The excess bromine that was in the reaction was completely destroyed by adding aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphite solution.Protective gloves were worn to prevent the bromine liquid, ethanoic acid and sodium hydrogen sulphite from irritating the skin, as they are all skin irritants. The reaction that was carried out in the first part of the experiment is an electrophilic aromatic substitution. In the electrophilic aromatic substituti on, an electrophile reacts with the benzene ring this result in an electrophile replacing hydrogen in one of the phenyl carbons such that the product of the reaction has the electrophile bonded to one of the phenyl carbon.We did not use aniline in this practical as it has carcinogenic properties instead we used acetic anyhidride which is a milder version. The other products formed in this reaction hydrogen bromide and can be collected by hydrolizing(removing the hydrogen) to obtain the bromine. The percentage yield of the rection was calculated as follows Maas of products was 2. 84g Molar mass of bromo acetanilide=214 0. 284/ 214 = 0. 00133 4. 5g of acetanilide used Molar mass = 135 0. 45/134 = 0. 003 Yield 0. 00133/0. 003x 100 = 44. 3% yield.As clearly illustrated the percentage yield is less than a 100% this could be due to a number of reasons like some of the solid might have been lost during the suction or while washing the crystals with the water and ethanol mixture the weighin g scales could also have been inaccurate. CONCLUSION Better practical methods are required during the experiment to ensure a 100% yield. REFERENCES http://www. mendelset. com/articles/680/preparation-recrystallization-acetanilide regensburg. de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/Grafik/box_brom_ar1. gif)

Application Letter

October 2012 Hon. Shirlita Y. Chong Municipal Mayor Liloan, Southern Leyte Dear Madam: I would like to apply as Enumerator in the update survey of the 2009 result of the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS – PR) by next year 2013. I’m Arlene Salada, married a resident of Brgy. Ilag, Liloan Southern Leyte and a Bachelor of Elementary Education graduated at Tomas Oppus Normal College Tomas Oppus Southern Leyte. I work as BHW (Barangay Health Worker) for 5 years last 2002 up to 2007 at Brgy. Ilag , Liloan So. Leyte.I was also a Community Profiler Volunteer of Plan Philippines. I’m hardworking and willing to be part of the NHTS-PR enumerators. Thank You. More Power. ARLENE B. SALADA Applicant List of Secretaries of Education (*) Acting Capacity #| Name| Term Began| Term Ended| President| Secretary of Public Instruction| 1| Sergio Osmena| 1935| 1940| Manuel Quezon| | 2| Jorge Bocobo| 1940| 1941| | | Secretary of Public Instruction, Health, and Public Welfare| (1)| Sergio Osmena| 1941| 1944| Manuel Quezon| | Minister of Public Instruction| *| Jorge Bocobo| 1943| 1945| Jose Laurel| |Secretary of Information and Public Relations| 3| Carlos P. Romulo| 1944| 1945| Sergio Osmena| | Secretary of Public Instruction and Information| 4| Francisco Benitez| 1945| 1945| Sergio Osmena| | Secretary of Education| | Francisco Benitez| 1945| 1946| Sergio Osmena| | Secretary of Instruction| 5| Manuel Gallego| 1946| 1948| Manuel Roxas| | Secretary of Education| 6| Prudencio Langcauon| 1948| 1953| Elpidio Quirino| | Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports| 7| Lourdes Quisumbing| February 1986| December 1989| Corazon Aquino| | 8| Isidro Carino| January 1990| June 1992| | | | Armand Fabella| July 1992| July 1994| Fidel Ramos| | 10| Ricardo Gloria| August 1994| December 1997| | | 11| Erlinda Pefianco| January 1998| June 1998| | | 12| Bro. Andrew Gonzalez, FSC, Ph,D| Hulyo 1998| January 2001| Joseph Estrada| | Secretary of Education| 13| R aul Roco| February 2001| August 2002| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo| | 14| Edilberto de Jesus| September 2002| July 2004| | | 15| Florencio Abad| July 2004| July 2005| | | *| Ramon Bacani| July 2005| September 2005| | | *| Fe Hidalgo| September 2005| July 2006| | | 6| Jesli Lapus| July 2006| March 2010| | | 17| Mona Valisno| March 2010| June 30, 2010| | | 18| Bro. Armin Luistro, FSC| June 30, 2010| Incumbent| Benigno S. Aquino III| | Secretary of Education (Philippines) Secretary of Public Instruction SERGIO OSMENA JORGE BOCOBO 1935-1940 1940-1941 Secretary of Information and Public Relations Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports Dr. Lourdes R. Quisumbing – February 1986 December 1989 CARLOS P. ROMULO 1944 – 1945Secretary of Public Instruction and InformationSecretary of Education, Culture and Sports 4 Francisco Benitez 1945 1945 Sergio Osmena Secretary of Education Francisco Benitez 1945 1946 Secretary of Instruction 5 Manuel Gallego 1946 1948 Secretary of Education 6 Prudencio Langcauon 1948 1953 Isidro Carino January 1990 June 1992 Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports Armand Fabella July 1992 July 1994 Secretary of Education, Culture and SportsSecretary of Education, Culture and Sports Erlinda Pefianco Bro. Andrew Gonzalez, FSC, Ph,D Hulyo 1998 January 2001 Joseph EstradaJanuary 1998 June 1998 Secretary of Education Secretary of Education Edilberto de Jesus Ramon Bacani September 2002 – July 2004 July2005-Sept. 2005 Fe Hidalgo September 2005-July2006 Raul Roco February 2001 August 2002 Jose Abad Jesli Lapus Mona Valisno Luis Fermin July 2004-July 2005 July 2006- March 2010 March 2010-June 2010 June 30 2010 –

Theories and Principles that Govern Ethical Decision Making in Research Paper

Theories and Principles that Govern Ethical Decision Making in Medicine - Research Paper Example the systematic inquiry into man’s moral behavior with the purpose of discovering the rules that ought to govern human action and the goods that are worth seeking in human life†. These ethical standards governing the existence of human life also encompass the realm of medical entities. This essay is written to present the underlying theoretical concepts and principles governing ethical decision making in the field of medicine. In addition, it aims to determine the ways in which conflicts of interest inherent in various financial and organizational arrangements for the practice of medicine can pose threats to the medical professionalism. There are basically five underlying theoretical framework for ethical decision making in the medical profession, to wit: deontological theory (what one must do, based on duties and obligations), teleological theory (the purpose or consequences of the moral acts), consequentialist theory (the moral value of an act, rule or policy is to be found in its consequences, not in intentions or motives), virtue ethics (seen in the way we feel is the ‘right’ way to behave towards patients and to colleagues) and casuistry (or case based reasoning, does not focus on rules and theories but rather on practical decision-making in particular cases based on precedent). (Slowther, et.al. 2004) Slowther, et.al. (2004) averred that â€Å"Beauchamp and Childress’ Four Principles approach is one of the most widely used frameworks and offers a broad consideration of medical ethics issues generally, not just for use in a clinical setting†. These principles are: â€Å"(1) respect for autonomy: respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices), (2) beneficence: balancing benefits of treatment against the risks and costs; the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient, (3) non maleficence: avoiding causing harm; the healthcare professional should not