The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cosmological Argument...

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God The cosmological argument seeks to prove the existence of God by looking at the universe. It is an A posteriori proof based on experience and the observation of the world not logic so the outcome is probable or possible not definite. The argument is in three forms; motion, causation and being. These are also the first three ways in the five ways presented by Aquinas through which he believed the existence of God could be shown. Aquinas regarded Aristotle as the principal philosopher so many of these concepts originate in the thinking of Aristotle. One example of the cosmological argument is the argument of†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it is more believable that the universe had a beginning and a personal creator. The third of Aquinas ways is the argument of contingency. The world consists of contingent items- items that have a property are items referred to as being. These items are generated and perish; they have a beginning and an end. There must have once been a time when nothing existed. But then how did these items come into being? There must be something or someone able to bring other items into being without itself being brought into being. This necessary being is God. These arguments are strong ones for the existence of God, built upon clear and apparently true observations of the world around us. However, there are many criticisms. Hume argued that both Thomas Aquinas and William Lane Craig contradict themselves by firstly denying the possibility of the infinite, but then claiming that there must have been an infinite being. How can this be so? Supporters of the argument could use the idea that God is unique and outside the laws of nature. But even so, this point weakens the argument as there is no proof of the attributes of God. Many may ask these questions: Why does the universe have to be caused? Why cannot it always have been there? The human mind seems incapable of comprehending the idea of infinity, yet we accept the idea of an immortal being. AShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God996 Words   |  4 Pages The Cosmological Argument attempts to prove that God exists by showing that there cannot be an infinite number of regressions of causes to things that exist. It states that there must be a final uncaused-cause of all things. This uncaused-cause is asserted to be God. Arguments like this are thought up to recognize why we and the universe exist. The Cosmological Argument takes several forms but is basically represented below. Cosmological Argument ThingsRead MoreExplain the Strengths and Weaknesses of Aquinas Cosmological Argument1203 Words   |  5 Pagesa) Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Aquinas’ cosmological arguments. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument based on the question of the relation of the universe’s existence and God’s existence. This argument focuses on the theory that if the universe exists then something must have caused it to existence, ie. A God or Creator. Supporters of this argument claim that to fully comprehend the existence of the universe, one must rely on a theory of a God however critics wouldRead MoreWeak Arguments in Cosmological Argument by Thomas Aquinas692 Words   |  3 Pagesthat God exists? Thomas Aquinas attempted to prove the existence of God in a rational way through his Cosmological argument. Aquinas argued that every event as we observe it has a cause and a casual chain cannot be infinite. Therefore, a first cause is necessary and this cause is God. Aquinas’ argument is unsuccessful because it assumes that God is a necessary being, fails to prove that the world is not an infinite chain of events, and undermines the bas is of his argument by saying that God is infiniteRead MoreThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Key Ideas of the Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God A) The cosmological argument is to prove the existence of god. In this type of argument we are looking at cause and not design. This type of argument is an aposteriori argument because it is based upon experience. Thomas Aquinas puts the key ideas into 3 ways. First way is, motion/change. Nothing can move by itself or change itself. The first thing to have moved must have been moved by something else and Read MoreThe Question of Why God Exists595 Words   |  2 PagesThe question of god’s existence has been around for centuries, and so have the explanations as to why God exists. The Cosmological argument is an argument by the Christian, Theologian and Philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) in an attempt to prove God’s existence. I will argue that the weaknesses of this argument outweigh its strengths, and therefore making the Cosmological argument a weak argument for the proof of God’s existence. The Cosmological argument is seen as a benchmark in the questionRead MoreEveryman1579 Words   |  7 Pages PHIL 201 D44 LUO August 18, 2011 A Response to Atheism In reading McCloskey’s article it’s obvious he is searching for definitive proof that God exists. He is unable to find proof and therefore comes to the conclusion that God must not exist. He believes that the existence of evil discredits arguments made in support of believing in God. There is not one single thing in this world that we can know definitively without looking at the evidence. You have to look at the whole picture. JustRead MoreThe Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1509 Words   |  7 Pagesontological argument is an echo of the original ontological argument for the existence of God as proposed by St. Anselm in the 11th century. To illustrate the background of the ontological argument, Anselm’s argument works within a distinct framework of ontology that posits the existence of God as necessity by virtue of its definition. In other words, for the mind to conceive of an infinite, perfect God, ultimately implies that there must indeed be a p erfect God that embodies existence, for perfectionRead MoreExamine the Key Features of the Teleological Argument?1491 Words   |  6 PagesExamine the key features of the Teleological argument. The word teleological comes from the Greek word ‘Telos’ which means purpose. The teleological argument is a posteriori and like the cosmological argument, attempts to prove the existence of God. It claims that certain phenomena within the universe appear to display features of design and are perfectly adapted to fulfil their function. Therefore, if features of the universe are so perfectly designed, for example the structure and function ofRead MoreThis essay will be examining the key arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the3100 Words   |  13 Pageskey arguments for the existence of God, in order to discuss the claim that â€Å"it is wrong to believe in anything without sufficient evidence†- with reference to the non-existence of God. It will be exploring both a priori and an a posteriori argument for the existence of God. It will solely be concentrating on the Theological argument, Cosmological argument and the Ontological argument, in orde r, to analyse their significance and contribution in vindicating the claim for the existence of God. TheRead MoreThe existence of God Based on Religious Experience Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿1. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of the argument for the existence of God based on religious experience. (18) 2. ‘The argument merely indicates the probability of God and this is of little value to a religious believer.’ Discuss. (12) In contrast to the classical arguments for the existence of God, namely the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments, the argument from religious experience doesn’t just entail a set logical of points arriving at a conclusion on a piece of paper

Similarities Between Tim Osrickland And The Vietnam War

The Vietnam war had its controversy. Many families were getting split apart. Left and right, people were getting taken away from their loved ones. Hundreds or maybe even thousands of people died during the war. The stories â€Å"On the Rainy River† and â€Å"John Strickland: Draft Dodger† both represent the controversy during the Vietnam War. Both Tim OBrien and John Strickland had to leave their loved ones because they got drafted. Tim OBrien went to the war and hated himself for that, while John Strickland escaped to Canada. In †On the Rainy River† and â€Å"John Strickland: Draft Dodger† Tim OBrien and John Strickland both demonstrate the similarities between their perspectives on the Vietnam War. One similarity between Tim OBrien’s and John†¦show more content†¦That was their form of patriotism and it was their country. So what are we bombing them for?(John Strickland, 107)† John Strickland hated the war, he did not like how America was â€Å"waging war† on adolescents with guns. He didn’t want to support a country that was making young adults fight in a war. John Strickland could not understand why America would want to fight a war in Vietnam. Both Tim OBrien’s and John Strickland’s perspectives on the war were similar because they both disagree with the war. One difference between Tim OBrien’s and John Strickland’s perspectives on Vietnam is that Tim OBrien was afraid to run away from the war and John Strickland was not. A scene that demonstrates this difference in Tim OBrien perspective is when he went to war. In this scene, he is describing what he remembers of the day when he went to Vietnam. He hated himself for going. He said, â€Å"The day was cloudy, I passed through towns with familiar names, through the pine forests and down to the prairie, and then to Vietnam, where I was a soldier, and then home again. I survived, but it’s not a happy ending, I was a coward. I went to the war†(Tim OBrien, 67). Tim OBrien was ashamed of himself for going to the Vietnam War. He survived the war but was not happy at the end. He called himself a â€Å"coward† because he did not have the courage in himself to run away from the war and escape to Canada.

Philosophical Analysis of Gone Baby Gone Essay - 1744 Words

The age old question of ethical ambiguity is something that humanity may never resolve. Conflicting morals and the ultimate question of â€Å"is what I’m doing right?† is one of the greatest human mysteries. Philosophers, psychiatrists and every individual on the planet must grapple with this moral confusion in an attempt to find unique solutions to everyday dilemmas. In Affleck’s drama Gone Baby Gone, two very notable philosophies collide head on, and the protagonist must choose between the two to find the solution that he feels is ‘right.’ In Affleck’s brilliantly rendered drama Gone Baby Gone, a young girl is abducted from her mother, in a blue collar area of Boston, Massachusetts. Patrick Kenzie and his girlfriend are private†¦show more content†¦The decision to lie and hide Amanda was done with the intention of benefitting her. Interestingly enough, Patrick does commit one act of blatant Utilitarianism, even though in the end of the film he chooses the opposite approach. During the raid on the crack house, he finds the body of another kidnapped boy. The sight of an innocent child brutally raped and murdered by the sociopath who claims it was an ‘accident,’ is too much for Patrick. He exacts retribution by executing the defenseless criminal in cold blood. This decision, although motivated primarily by anger (presumably,) is also utilitarian in nature. The benefit society derives from the prompt execution of the criminal outweighs the unhappiness caused by him. If freed, even with a life sentence in prison, he is still taking away tax dollars from the public welfare. His death plainly benefits society. Ironically, it is this incident which causes Patrick to call the police in the ending, his guilty conscience drives him to his eventual decision to return Amanda to her biological mother. Along with this act of utilitarianism, the motivation for the use of this ethical system is based on Lionel and the detective’s belief in formation of self-identity. Remy, LionelShow MoreRelatedWhile Valen Was Pondering Of Ways To Prove Women As Inferior1595 Words   |  7 Pagesjungle heritage and the evolution of man as a hunting carnivore has taken root in man s mind as firmly as Genesis ever did. (Morgan, 1972) She concludes that evolution must be reevaluated, and that scientists have sometimes gone astray because of preconception and philosophical prescriptions. She argues that the reputable evolutionary view that all women are biologically inferior to men must be challenged. Morgan’s theory of a female having a powerful role in evolution was not even thought of asRead MoreThe Uses Of Dn Dna Fingerprinting1486 Words   |  6 Pagesfour different probes(Lippincott). Depending on the particular probe-species combination, the fingerprints are polymorphic enough to be used efficiently in animal identification, paternity testing, and as a source of genetic markers for linkage analysis(Butler). These markers should substantially accelerate the mapping of genes affecting economically important traits(Roewer). If this revealed â€Å"genetic barcodes† in animals then the same could also be done for humans and it could possibly help outRead MoreCultural Competence and Informed Consent in Health Care: Confronting a Fetal Abnormality1706 Words   |  7 Pageshealthcare in our current multicultural population. This case analysis will examine the ethical dilemmas, moral theories, principles, alternative actions, and give a recommendation about the mora lly best action for the case â€Å"Confronting a fetal abnormality† by Karen Peterson-Iyer. At first glance, this case might appear to be ethically sound and the conduct of Dr. Fox was that of a normal Western doctor. However, upon further analysis a large number of issues arise. The debate over whether to informRead MoreThe Death of John Savage in Brave New World2197 Words   |  9 Pagesmajor differences between the future and the present is how babies are born. In the present, babies are born to mothers and are raised to achieve and have a good job for their career. However, in the future, offspring are incubated and hatched by the use of machinery and each embryo is specialized to become an elite member of society or essentially a slave. As the Director explains it, â€Å"‘We also predestine and condition. We decant our babies as socialized human beings, as Alphas or Epsilons, as futureRead MoreAnalysis of August Wilsons Short Story Fences2029 Words   |  8 Pagesget and his failure to work diligently on what his wife, Rose, wants a fence around their house to celebrate their home and to keep her family together (Bradford, 2012). The tone, not surprisingly, is real, honest, angry, hurtful, ordinary, philosophical and  ¦ pretty negative. Whether as reflected through dialogues with the other performers or from the imagery of the uncompleted wooden fence, there is little doubt but that Troy projects the pain he feels about the way that life tossed pitchesRead MoreLevel 6 Essay2155 Words   |  9 Pagesdo charity campaigns use to convey their idea and persuade the viewer? Have they gone too far? Danielle Gough BA Visual Communication, Level 6 This essay will provide an in depth analysis into charity campaigns, their target audience and ways of communicating an idea, message and the methods used to persuade the viewer to donate or join the charity. In order to do this I will decode three images via semiotic analysis. Charity campaign techniques, symbols and signs , social and political issues usedRead MoreHolly Golightly as an existential protagonist Essay1911 Words   |  8 Pagescharacter and through her was able to elaborate on major existential themes. She is clearly one of Capotes most intricate characters and possibly, the greatest existential icon in both American literature and classical, American cinema . With this analysis, Holly Golightly must be broken down to obtain a further glance into the numerous existential elements she inhibits. It may be normal darling: but Id rather be natural-Golightly. From the get go, Golightly expresses herself to the narratorRead MoreEthical Theories and Their Application Business2155 Words   |  9 Pagesthat will produce the greatest benefits and the least harm. The ethical action is the one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number. Recently the government waived the maternity fees and this gesture will benefit most women and their babies in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Revenue authority ZIMRA uses the utilitarian approach to tax the high net worth for the benefit of the poor. Utilitarianism is used as a determinant of economic decisions and actions. However, the utilitarian philosophy has complicationsRead More Science, Technology, and Morality as Perceived in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1967 Words   |  8 Pagesuncertainties of the scientific developments of her time. This critique has become increasingly relevant as modern scientists endeavor into previously unimagined r ealms of the natural world through the use of cloning and genetic engineering. Through careful analysis, we can see how the novel illustrates both the potential dangers of these exploits and the irony of the conflicts between science and creationism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prior to the birth of the story, Mary Shelley had begun to learn of advancements and speculationRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire: the Importance of Being Earnest9437 Words   |  38 PagesThemes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Nature of Marriage Marriage is of paramount importance in The Importance of Being Earnest, both as a primary force motivating the plot and as a subject for philosophical speculation and debate. The question of the nature of marriage appears for the first time in the opening dialogue between Algernon and his butler, Lane, and from this point on the subject never disappears for very long. Algernon and Jack discuss

The Industrial Revolution in North America Essay - 583 Words

The Industrial Revolution in North America The industrial revolution started around 1750. It began in Britain and it spread through out the World. England was known as â€Å"the world’s workshop† because at that point in time, England was the major manufacturing center of the World.(Bailey) It took about ten years for the industrial revolution to spread to other places. It spread to America. The Industrial Revolution was favorable to the American colonies by bringing the factory system to America, supplying more employment which increased urban growth, and raising the national economy. The factory system was the key to the industrial revolution. The factory system was a combination of†¦show more content†¦They produced most of there own things including food, clothes, fuel and furniture. Extra money came from selling of surplus goods and it was spent on things like coffee and tea. â€Å"Land-starved descende nts of land-starved peasants were not going to coop themselves up in smelly factories when they might till their own acres in God’s fresh air and sunlight.†(Bailey) Farmers did not want to move into a big city because they liked it were they were even though there was a lot of jobs that the revolution brought. Even though farmers were reluctant to move, they did. They did this because they could make more money. The farmers were to far away from the factories to go back in forth every day so they had to move into the cities were the factories were located in the cities. This moving of people from the country to the city caused a rapid urban growth. Cities were becoming larger and population was rising. Cities were now becoming the place to live.(Vialls) The industrial revolution also caused the national economy to rise. The jobs were being filled and the factories were producing a lot of products. Because more products were being made, there was more to trade with other countries, which made more money for the economy. The factories were trading with other countries at a massive rate. North America began to make so many products and trading them that in the 19thShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution And The War Of 18121461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution, which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also led to great improvements of the economy and society. 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The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also was the great developmentRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave Trade1392 Words   |  6 PagesTrade was a system of slavery that took place between the 16th and 19th centuries. It comprised of capturing African tribesmen and women from areas of Western and Central Africa and placing them into the colonies of the New World in North, Central, and South America. Many countries like England, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and France, had participated in enslaving the African peoples. The African slaves were used to exploit an array of commodities such coffee, cotton, rum, sugar, and tobacc o, and eventuallyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution In early American history, one of the most important events that shaped the country was the Industrial Revolution. Overall, this period of technological growth in the early to mid-1800’s modernized the country and served as a bridge between the colonies and the new formation of the United States that exists today. It strengthened internal ties joining the states and increased it’s standing as a new nation. At the same time, this revolution also further divided the NorthRead MoreApush Essay -- in What Ways and to What Extent Was Industrial Development from 1800-1860 a Factor in the Relationship Between the Northern and Southern State?1434 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s, America changed in a lot of ways in a short amount of time. 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The Misfit and the “Miss-Fit” Free Essays

Lewis, Anthony Dr. Sherry Forkum English 1A, Midterm 13 March 2013 The Misfit and the â€Å"Miss-Fit† Flannery O’Connor is an author who has written a score of short stories; however the author is remembered for one story in particular. The story revolved around a family that had problems just like any other normal family. We will write a custom essay sample on The Misfit and the â€Å"Miss-Fit† or any similar topic only for you Order Now This family’s problem was respecting each other and communication. The Family is taking a vacation to Florida when a longing for a stroll down memory lane hits the grandmother, who wants to see a house she had been to before. As the family approaches its destination, an accident takes place that leaves the family stranded on a dirt road where they meet the Misfit, an escaped convict from prison. The misfit would have helped the family out in getting the car working again, but the grandmother had to say â€Å"You’re The Misfit!†¦ I recognized you at once! (O’Connor, Flannery  ¶81)†, getting the whole family massacred because the Misfit could not have any witnesses able to report a location of his whereabouts. Although this story sounds straightforward, there are some ironic twists discovering who the real Misfit of this story is for example. In O’Connor’s short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, O’Connor writes to depict the true â€Å"miss-fit† in the story to be the grandmother. Red Sammy and his wife were symbolic of the best of mankind. The couple was the epitome of what normal citizens would call good-natured people. Red Sammy gave assistance to a couple of gentlemen that needed gas. When the guys told Sammy a bit about themselves, Sammy gave them a helping hand, and generously offered to give them gas on credit. The gentlemen stiffed Sammy the money they owed him and gave indecency in return. The grand-mother, Red Sammy, and his wife discuss the evil nature of the times and decide that, although they themselves may be good people, ‘a good man is hard to find. ’(â€Å"O’Connor’s Short Stories: Summary and Analysis: â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Ã¢â‚¬   ¶12)† On top of being a very generous man, Sammy also symbolized a sort of warning for the family. â€Å"I felt ‘Red Sammy’ represented a type of prophet in the story, speaking to the Grandmother directly about how trust was becoming dissolute †¦. He was the family’s ‘red flag (Lucy Tonic  ¶ 12)†. All the talk of dishonest people is extremely ironic since the family gets into an accident and find out that help was found in none other than the Misfit and a couple of other convicts. In A Good Man is Hard to find, Bailey and his wife were not the two most powerful people in this story, they are very easy to manipulate and they let people walk all over them. They did not even have a large role to play in the story. Their characters were put in the story to build suspense during the conversation between the Misfit and the grandmother. This build up let the readers feel like the grandmother may have a chance to be spared. â€Å"It’s not far from here, I know,† the grandmother said. â€Å"It wouldn’t take over twenty minutes. † Bailey was looking straight ahead. His jaw was as rigid as a horseshoe. â€Å"No,† he said (O’Connor, Flannery  ¶48-49). This man is letting his kids behave like little brats allowing them to scream and yell for far too long before he whips the car to the side of the road to yell at the kids to shut up. Although the parents may have been incompetent in raising their children they, like their infant child, should not have had to suffer their fate. The children in the story, although obnoxious and completely disrespectful to all the characters, also play a role that is inherent behavior to most kids. Kids have mostly acted with bad manners and disrespect in the past because the lesson has not been learned that respect is essential to living in society. It is the responsibility of the parents to teach the meaning of respect and general manners to children. June Star, the daughter of Bailey and the mother, is a downright disrespectful little brat that needs to be taught the most about manners and appropriate comments to strangers. The girl has no boundaries in place because it is obvious the parents do not have a discipline routine, and the parents just get rolled over by the children. â€Å"Though she’s cute, she’s just plain nasty to everybody, as learned pretty early on in the story from the way she treats her grandmother (â€Å"June Star. †  ¶1)†. John Wesley, the son of Bailey and the mother, is similar to June Star however not as ruthless a character. This is because between the Grandmother and June there is little time to be on the same playing field in respect to cold-heartedness. The baby is by far the most innocent character in the story. This is because the baby is still a newborn that does not have the brain development to act based on its current knowledge. â€Å"The baby’s sleeping when it’s shot†¦it’s the easiest member of the family for whom we feel sorry (â€Å"The Baby†  ¶1)†. This is because the baby never even had a chance and died all because the Grandmother made an idiotic comment to a convicted felon ensuring the family’s fate. The Misfit and his posse are a small group of outlaws who broke out of jail and are attempting to remain hidden from the authorities. Albeit an individual who is looked down upon by society for committing heinous crimes, throughout the story the Misfit plays the role of a convict with a sense of acceptance towards being a bad man. â€Å"If He did what He said, then it’s nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn’t, then it’s nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the best way you can by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. No pleasure but meanness. (â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†  ¶136)† This illustrates the Misfit’s persona and shows that he does not care about taking another’s life in order to give his life a purpose. Due to the behavior and the overall actions, the Misfit fit the role of the convict character therefore could not be considered the true misfit. Throughout the conversation with the grandmother, the Misfit seems to be a polite gentleman regardless of his misdeeds. â€Å"†I’m sorry I don’t have on a shirt before you ladies,† he said, hunching his shoulders slightly (O’Connor, Flannery,  ¶100)†. This shows that he is not a terrible person and he probably just got caught in the wrong place at the wrong time, but at this point he has accepted his fate as a bad man on the run. The Grandmother, not ever mentioned by name in the story, is the absolute shadiest character of all. The Grandmother has this holier than thou attitude that could not be more wrong. Not only is the she hypocritical but also a master manipulator as well. The Grandmother tries to get her way by sing news clippings of the Misfit’s escape as a reason that the family should take a trip to Tennessee instead of Florida. â€Å"The grandmother says that ‘[she] wouldn’t take [her] children in any direction with a criminal like [the Misfit] aloose in it. [She] couldn’t answer to her conscious if [she] did. ’ Ironically, this is exactly what she does when she tempts her family into visiting the old house (Krista  ¶36). † Although the Grandmother’s initial idea of taki ng the trip in Tennessee would have been better, the intentions of going to Tennessee, however, were strictly selfish. She manipulated the kids into thinking that there was a house with secret panels that held untold amounts of hidden family treasure so that Bailey would turn the car around to go and visit the old house. This action was the final straw that led the family down a road that would lead them directly into the path of the Misfit. As the family drove down the dirt road that led to the house with the â€Å"treasure† the senile old lady suddenly came to the realization that the house the family was driving to, was not in Georgia, but in Tennessee instead. The thought was so embarrassing that she turned red in the face and her eyes dilated and her feet jumped up, upsetting her valise in the corner. The instant the valise moved, the newspaper top she had over the basket under it rose with a snarl and Pitty Sing, the cat, sprang onto Bailey’s shoulder (O’Connor, Flannery  ¶63)†. The Grandmother freaked out causing Bailey to drive off the road and flip the car around . Throughout the story all of the characters commit actions or make comments that make everybody in the story sound insane. The Misfit and his gang all commit atrocious crimes and have no remorse about committing those crimes. The children both act like spawns of Satan, throwing temper tantrums to get what they want, being disrespectful to others and to the family as well. Red Sammy and his wife, is a couple that is very rapidly losing hope for all people in the world thinking that there is no decency left in mankind. The Grandmother, however, takes the cake so to speak on being in denial about who she is as a person. She thinks she is above the rest of the characters in overall behavior as far as common courtesy. This makes her the worst character in the story because she is an evil character that hides behind this facade of a good person. Works Cited â€Å"The Baby. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. http://www. shmoop. com/good-man-hard-to-find/the-baby. html. â€Å"June Star. † Shmoop. Shmoop University, 2013. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. http://www. shmoop. com/good-man-hard-to-find/june-star. html. Krista, Emily, Rach, Nick Light, and James Leonard. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find. † Analysis of Flannery O’Connor’s Short Story. Debra Bell, 8 Oct. 2009. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find. † A Good Man Is Hard to Find. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. lt;http://pegasus. cc. ucf. edu/~surette/goodman. html;. â€Å"O’Connor’s Short Stories: Summary and Analysis: â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Ã¢â‚¬  Cliffs Notes. Cliffsnotes. com, n. d. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/oconnor-short-stories/summary-analysis/a-good-man-is-hard-to-find. html;. Tonic, Lucy. à ¢â‚¬Å"Analysis of Flannery O’ Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find†Ã¢â‚¬  Yahoo! Voices. Yahoo! Contributor Network, 17 Aug. 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. ;http://voices. yahoo. com/analysis-flannery-o-connors-good-man-hard-11673144. html;. How to cite The Misfit and the â€Å"Miss-Fit†, Essay examples

Torts - Egalitarianism And Distributive Justice

Questions: Read James Gordley, Tort Law in the Aristotelian Tradition in David G. Owen, Philosophical Foundations of Tort Law, (Oxford, 1995) 132. Note also that Peter Cane has written that corrective justice provides the structure of tort law within which distributive justice operates. Cane, Distributive Justice in Tort Law, New Zealand Law Review [2001], 401 at 413. Using the above as a starting point, analyse and discuss the relationship(s) between distributive justice and commutative justice in the following cases: Case 1 (Michigan Court of Appeals, USA): Taylor v. Kurapati, 600 N.W.2d 670 (Mich. App. 1999), 236 Mich. App. 315 available at https://www.leagle.com/decision/19991270600NW2d670_11238 Case 2 (High Court of Australia): Harriton v Stephens (2006) 226 ALR 391; [2006] HCA 15 (9 May 2006), available at https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2006/15.html? Answers: Introduction: Distributive justice is concern about the distribution of socially allotted goods in a particular society. A society where supplementary disproportion in result does not take place would be well thought-out in a society directed by the doctrine of distributive justice[1]. The perception contains the obtainable number of goods, the procedure by which goods are to be dispersed, and the resultant allotment of the goods among the members of the entire society[2]. Where as a principal of commutative justice specifies that the process by which an individual ought to be treated in a provided category of action as well as transactions. In the concept of commutative justice the right of a person to be treated equally with others in the same class is prescribed . In this context various aspects relating to the distributive justice as well as the commutative justice are going to be discussed, its applicability, relevant measures and other collective essential elements of these two important con cepts with reference to two given case histories. Case 1: Here in the mentioned case, the plaintiff has filed a suit against the defendant who is a physician, on the ground that at the time of pregnancy of his wife, the defendant has tried ultrasound upon the pregnant lady by virtue of that the child took birth with several disabilities. The parents of the child that is the plaintiff filed the suit against the defendant with some sought of emotional aspect and the suit has been dismissed by the Wayne Circuit court, on the ground that in this regard there is no scope for emotional aspects, here the ultrasound was given with the due consent of the concern party, so the defendant cannot be held responsible for that [3]. The plaintiff approached to the appellate court of law. Under that scenario the cause of action arose on the basis of that the physician has not suggested the parents of the child about the possibility of disability at the time of taking birth. The law made in this regard that the woman will be at a liberty to decide her pregna ncy, whether she would like to keep the child in womb or she would like to terminate the pregnancy is totally depends upon the discretion of the concern woman. Here the doctrine of commutative justice came into action. The law prescribed that every woman shall have the liberty to determine her pregnancy, whether the child in her womb shall be aborted or not that also is decided by the woman herself. So, in this case the principal of commutative justice is applicable as to the entire to woman in general throughout the territory of the concern nation[4]. With this regard all the woman possesses a right to terminate her pregnancy. In a collective nature it can be observed that in accordance with the rule of commutative justice the right of the woman shall be consider a general right for all the woman[5]. All of the pregnant woman shall be treated equally as to implementation of their rights. Justice is not eternal; the scope of the doctrines relating to justice may change as per the situation demands[6]. Here the collective rights of the women in general is considered as per the rules of the commutative justice but in future it may be changed but not in suo moto manner it have to be changed in another case decided by the court of law with competent jurisdiction[7]. Case 2: The plaintiff, Alexia Harriton, a 25 years old lady with brutal innate disabilities that had been inflicted by infection of her mother along with therubella virusat the same time as pregnant with her.These disabilities made Harriton not capable to take care of herself. The respondent, Mr. Paul Richard Stephens, was a famous doctor, he was appointed for the treatment of Harriton's mother at the time of her pregnancy. Later than reviewing and conducting pathological investigations, the respondent advised the pregnant lady that she do not have any virus known as rubella virus.The mother of Harriton asserted that she would have like to terminate her pregnancy if it was known to her that her child is going to be disabled. At the time of litigation the plaintiff argued that the doctor has not taken proper care of the pregnant lady and has not examined her properly, for that purpose he was unable to disclose the fact that the child in her womb shall be a disable child. This was the case of wrongful life, but it has occurred due to the negligence from the part of the concern doctor. Justice Studdert has dismissed two out of three cases relating to wrongful life cases pending in front of him this case was also one of them; thereafter the plaintiff approached the appellate court of New South Wales. The court of law dismissed the appeal with two third majorities. In accordance with the statement of the Chief JusticeJames Spigelman, the suggestion that the responsibility of a doctor to an unborn baby extensive to carry out that, correctly completed, would show the way to the annihilation of the pregnancy "be supposed to not be acknowledged as it does not replicate principles usually, or still widely, considered in the population." [8]. Here in this case the principal laid down by the doctrine of distributive justice comes into action. The doctrine specifies that proper distribution of goods among the members of the society. In this case the goods does not signify any product or any commodity, here it signifies the right of the concern people. The right of the pregnant woman that is the mother of Harriton, she had the right to know about the disabilities of the child in her womb but that right has been infringed by the doctor. In general, the rights which are going to be distributed among all the women in the society, after settling down the subject matter in dispute. The right that shall be adjudicated by the court of law with competent jurisdiction shall bind all other inferior courts as to its applicability[9]. In this regard the doctrine of commutative justice is also applicable to a certain extend in the course of the litigation procedure. In this case commutative justice does not mean the actual way of treating a woman in the course of her treatment in pregnancy period. Regardless it deals with rights of a woman in the course of her pregnancy while having treatment from a recognize doctor. Conclusion: After the above discussion it can be summarized that every time the doctrine may not be applicable as to its literal meaning, in some cases it is implied in nature. In these two mentioned cases, the major concern is the rights of the women which have been infringed. All the term shall be meaningful to its grammatical or literal meaning is not correct, in this case both the doctrine of distributive justice as well as commutative justice is applicable in an implied manner. If anyone would like see the implementation of the actual literal meaning of those doctrines then it would be next to impossible as in this case the doctrine is applicable upon the right of the pregnant woman not upon any goods or commodities[10]. Reference [1] Tsachi Keren-Paz, Torts, Egalitarianism And Distributive Justice (Ashgate, 2007).[2] Julian Lamont, Distributive Justice (Ashgate, 2012).[3] Hans-W Micklitz, The Many Concepts Of Social Justice In European Private Law (Edward Elgar, 2011).[4] Theo Papaioannou, Reading Hayek In The 21St Century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).[5] Carl Knight and Zofia Stemplowska, Responsibility And Distributive Justice (Oxford University Press, 2011).[6] Damien Conus, Commutative Justice (2001).[7] Thomas F McMahon, Ethical Leadership Through Transforming Justice (University Press of America, Inc., 2004).[8] Eric Laws, B Prideaux and K. S Chon, Crisis Management In Tourism (CABI, 2007).[9] Prue Vines, Law Justice In Australia (Oxford University Press, 2005).[10] Ellie Vasta and Stephen Castles, The Teeth Are Smiling (Allen Unwin, 1996).